DDR

Date "DDR" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1991. (references)

Specialty Definition: DDR

Domain	Definition
Geological	A DDR is a file containing image information which may include: (1) number of lines, number of samples, number of bands, data type, and the system on which the data was created; (2) corner coordinates of the image and related projection information; (3) the minimum and maximum values for each band of an image; (4) information describing how and when each band of the image was acquired; and (5) miscellaneous information (e.g., the last date and time modifications were made to an image). (Data Descriptor Record). (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: DDR

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

DDR is a three-letter abbreviation with multiple meanings, including:
Deutsche Demokratische Republik (German Democratic Republic)
Double data rate; see DDR SDRAM
Dance Dance Revolution
Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration - activities designed to facilitate disbanding military fighters and easing their transition back into society.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "DDR."

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DDR SDRAM

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

DDR SDRAM or double-data-rate synchronous dynamic random access memory is a type of memory integrated circuit used in computers. It achieves greater bandwidth than ordinary SDRAM by transferring data on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal.
DDR SDRAM DIMMs have 184 pins (as opposed to 168 on SDRAM), and are physically the same apart from the extra pins. The package sizes in which DDR SDRAM is manufactured are standardised by JEDEC.
The speed standards approved by JEDEC are as follows:

PC1600 or DDR200 - 200MHz clock rate, 1.6GB/s bandwidth per channel.

PC2100 or DDR266 - 266MHz clock rate, 2.1GB/s bandwidth per channel.

PC2700 or DDR333 - 333MHz clock rate, 2.7GB/s bandwidth per channel.

PC3200 or DDR400 - 400MHz clock rate, 3.2GB/s bandwidth per channel.

PC3700 or DDR466 - 466MHz clock rate, 3.7GB/s bandwidth per channel. (Partially approved by JEDEC, but does not as yet have ECC support)

PC4200 or DDR533 - 533MHz clock rate, 4.2GB/s bandwidth per channel. (Unlikely to be approved by JEDEC, as it would interfere with the introduction of DDR-II)

Some new chipsets use these memory types in dual (and in some rare cases, quad) channel configurations, which double (or quadruple) the effective bandwidth.
At some point in the upcoming years, DDR will be replaced by DDR-II, which has some modifications to allow higher clock frequency, but operates on the same principle as DDR. Competing with DDR-II will be Rambus XDR, Quad Data Rate (QDR) and Quad Band Memory (QBM) SDRAM. It is expected that DDR-II will become the standard, since QDR is too complex to implement cheaply, while QBM and XDR are lacking support.
RDRAM is an alternative to DDR SDRAM, but most manufacturers have dropped support from their chipsets.
See also: SDR SDRAM

External links

Tom's Hardware Guide: DDR-SDRAM Has Finally Arrived
Comparison of DDR RAM and RDRAM from Crucial
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "DDR SDRAM."

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East Germany

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

East Germany, formally the German Democratic Republic (GDR), German Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), was a Communist satellite state of the former Soviet Union which, together with West Germany, existed from 1949 to 1990 in Germany.

Deutsche Demokratische Republik

(In Detail) (Full size)

National motto: none''

Official language German

Capital East Berlin

Area 108,333 km²

Population
- Total (1989)
- Density 17,000,000
154/km²

Constitution October 7, 1949

Currency 1 Mark (Ostmark) = 100 Pfennig

Time zone UTC +1

National anthem Auferstanden aus Ruinen (Risen from ruins)

Calling Code 37

Ex-ISO 3166-1 DD

ISO 3166-3 DDDE

History
Main articles: History of East Germany, History of Germany
During World War II, at the Potsdam Conference in 1945, the victorious countries France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union decided to divide Germany into four parts. Each country controlled a part of former Germany.
East Germany was situated in the center of territory that once belonged to Germany, the place was known historically as "Mitteldeutschland" (Middle Germany). In the face of the German defeat, the victors decided at the Yalta Conference that post-war borders of Poland will be moved westwards to the Oder-Neisse line, just as Soviet borders were also moved westward into former Polish territory. Middle Germany thus became the new East Germany or the GDR (DDR in German).
When in 1949 the three sectors controlled by the United States, the United Kingdom and France united and formed the Federal Republic of Germany ("West Germany") the Soviet part was made its own country, the German Democratic Republic, or "East Germany". East Germany was heavily under the influence of the Soviet Union, becoming a Stalinist-style socialist country, and part of the Warsaw Pact. The first leader of the new state was Walter Ulbricht. The East German Constitution defined the country as "a Republic of Workers and Peasants".
On June 17, 1953, following a decree by the state that all production quotas were to be raised by 10%, German workers demonstrated in East Berlin and other industrial centers demanding free elections. Later that day, Soviet troops and tanks suppressed the demonstrations with the loss of a few hundred lives. [1] See Straße des 17. Juni and Workers Uprising of 1953 in East Germany
Just as Germany was divided after the war, Berlin, the former capital, of Germany was divided into four sectors. Since Berlin was entirely enclosed in the Soviet part of Germany, the areas of Berlin being held under the control of the three western countries soon became known as West Berlin. Conflict over the status of West Berlin led to the Berlin Airlift.
The increasing prosperity of West Germany and growing political oppression in the East led large numbers of East Germans to flee to the West. The increasing depopulation in the GDR caused the political leadership to order the borders closed, with fences, turrets, dogs and most of all huge walls which included the Berlin Wall, in 1961. The Stasi spied extensively on the citizens to suppress dissenters.
Competition with the West was carried also on the sport level. East German athletes were sure winners in several Olympic disciplines. Of special interest was the only football match ever between West and East Germany: In the world championship of 1974, which took place in West Germany, East beat West 1-0. West Germany, though, won the tournament.
When East Germany closed the western borders, it also literally enclosed West Berlin within a huge wall, the Berlin Wall. Travel was greatly restricted into, and particularly out of, East Germany. Many who had come to East Germany as anti-fascistss who were opposed to the quick reinstatement of Nazi functionaries and industry in the west found themselves captives of a dogmatic and economically weak state which, alone, was forced to pay reparations to the Soviet Union. In 1971, Erich Honecker overthrew Ulbricht in a technical coup. Despite the inefficiencies of Communism, East Germany was generally regarded as the most economically advanced of the Warsaw Pact.
Before the 1970s, the official position of West Germany was that of the Hallstein Doctrine which involved non-recognition of East Germany. In the early 1970s, Ostpolitik led by Willy Brandt led to mutual recognition between East and West Germany.
In August 1989 Hungary removed its border restrictions and many people fled East Germany by crossing the "green" border into Hungary and then on to Austria and West Germany. Many others peacefully demonstrated against the ruling party. These demonstrations eventually forced the resignation of Honecker; in October he was replaced, albeit briefly, by Egon Krenz.
On November 9th, 1989 the Berlin Wall fell and with it the whole socialist system of East Germany. Although there were some small attempts to create a non-socialist East Germany, these were soon overwhelmed by calls for reunification with West Germany. After some negotiations (2+4 Talks, involving the two Germanies and the victory powers United States, France, Britain, and the Soviet Union), conditions for German reunification were agreed on. Thus, on October 3rd 1990 the East German population was the first from the Eastern Bloc to join the European Union as a part of the reunified Federal Republic of Germany.
To this day, there remain many differences between the formerly "eastern" and "western" parts of Germany (e.g. in lifestyle, wealth, political beliefs and such) and thus it is still common to speak of eastern and western Germany distinctly; one would hesitate however to contend it is greater than say that between a southern Bavarian and a Hamburg resident. In this new Germany the economic chasm is greater than in the former West Germany, and much greater than in the former East Germany. Unemployment and long term poverty have led sometimes to an uncomfortable reawakening of nationalist and neofascist sentiments.
The costs of German reunification have greatly slowed the German economy.

Politics
Main article: Politics of East Germany
The equivalent of the Communist Party in the GDR was the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (Socialist Unity Party of Germany, SED), which along with other parties, was part of the National Front of Democratic Germany. It was created in 1946 through the merger of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in the Soviet controlled zone, although the SPD remained a separate party in East Berlin. Following reunification, the SED was renamed the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS).
The other parties were:
Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Christian Democratic Union of Germany, CDU), merged with the West-German CDU after reunification
Liberal-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands (Liberal Democatic Party of Germany, LDPD), merged with the West-German FDP after reunification
Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (National Democratic Party of Germany, NDPD)
Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands (Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany, DBD)

These parties put up a joint slate for elections to the Volkskammer (East German Parliament).
Politicians of note in the GDR included

Erich Honecker
Erich Mielke
Egon Krenz
Gregor Gysi

Günter Schabowski
Hans Modrow, last socialist leader
Lothar de Maiziere
Robert Havemann
Walter Ulbricht
Wilhelm Pieck
Willy Stoph

See also: Free German Youth (Freie Deutsche Jugend or FDJ)

Subdivisions
Main article: Subdivisions of East Germany
In 1952, the Länder of East Germany were abolished, and the GDR was divided into Bezirke (districts), each named after the largest city: Rostock; Schwerin; Neubrandenburg; Magdeburg; Potsdam; Berlin; Frankfurt (Oder); Cottbus; Halle; Erfurt; Leipzig; Dresden; Karl-Marx-Stadt (now Chemnitz); Gera; Suhl

Geography
Main article: Geography of East Germany

Economy
Main article: Economy of East Germany

Demographics
Main article: Demographics of East Germany

Culture
Main article: Culture of East Germany

Holidays
Date English Name Local Name Remarks

01 January New Year's Day

Good Friday

Whit Monday

01 May May Day

07 October Republic Day

25 December Christmas Day

26 December Boxing Day

Miscellaneous topics

Constitution and national holiday: October 7, 1949
Highest point: Fichtelberg (1,214 m)

External links

Auferstanden aus Ruinen

Countries of the world | Europe

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "East Germany."

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: DDR

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
Entry	Source	Expression	Field
DDR	English	Dead donor rule	N/A
DDR	French	Dotation de développement rural	N/A
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Crosswords: DDR

Specialty definitions using "DDR": peripheral bus. (references)

Non-English Usage: "DDR" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses.

Dutch (East Germany, GDR), German (East Germany, gdr, german democratic republic).

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Modern Usage: DDR

Domain

Usage

Movie/TV Titles

Ich war Bürger der DDR (1999)

DDR 2 (1997)

Es lebe unsere DDR (1995)

Bln. DDR und ein Schriftsteller (1986)

Marzahn - eine Dorfkirche in der DDR (1983)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: DDR

Domain	Title
Books	Gesetze gemäss Anlage II zum Vertrag über die Schaffung einer Währungs-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialunion zwischen der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland vom 18. Mai 1990 : (von der DDR in Kraft zu setzende Rechtsvorschriften (reference) Unternehmen "Chinese Wall" : die DDR im Zwielicht der Mauer (reference) Kind, Frau: Ein Fotografisches Essay Aus Der Ddr (reference) Das Ministerium fèur Staatssicherheit der ehemaligen DDR als Ideologiepolizei : zur Bedeutung einer Heilslehre als Mittel zum Griff auf das Bewusstsein fèur das Totalitarismusmodell (reference) Heterogene Koordinationsinstrumente im Beschèaftigungssystem der DDR (reference) (more book examples)

High Tech	512MB 184PIN DDR DIMM-INTEL APPROVED PC2100 (reference) Radeon 9000 Atlantis 128mb DDR (reference) SSERVER 5013G-I 1U P4SGE-IDE DDR 2X GETH 2 HD BAY (reference) SSERVER 5013G-M 1U P4SGE-IDE DDR 2X GETH 1 HD BAY (reference) ATI Radeon 7000 64MB DDR PCI Video Card (100430284CCS) (reference) (more camera examples; more video game examples; more computer examples; more electronic examples; more software examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Photo Album: DDR

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	DDR heute : Millionen Deutsche wollen Freiheit und Menschenrecht. Credit: Library of Congress.		Weltfestspiele der Jugend und Studenten : Berlin 1973, Hauptstadt der DDR. Credit: Library of Congress.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: DDR

"Ddr hi-tech" by Borbás Krisztián
Commentary: "Cassette."

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Non-Fiction Usage: DDR

Subject	Topic	Quote
Economic History	Sierra Leone	However, DDR did not resume, and fighting continued. (references)
	Sierra Leone	A second Abuja Agreement, in May 2001, set the stage for a resumption of DDR on a wide scale and a significant reduction in hostilities. (references)
Political Economy	Sierra Leone	Since the resumption of the DDR process in May, more than 40,000 former combatants had disarmed by year's end. (references)
Political Rights	Sierra Leone	Following the resumption of the DDR process in May, the RUF resumed efforts to form a political party; however, its members have not been invited back into the positions given the RUF in the Lome Accords. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: DDR

"DDR" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 56.67% of the time. "DDR" is used about 30 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Noun (proper)	56.67%	17	85,106
Noun (singular)	26.67%	8	124,375
Noun (common)	13.33%	4	175,879
Lexical Verb (base form)	3.33%	1	339,140
Total	100.00%	30	N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Expressions: DDR

Hyphenated Usage
	Beginning with "DDR": DDR-RAM, DDR-SDRAM.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: DDR

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Expression	Frequency per Day	Expression	Frequency per Day
ddr	1,062	ddr graphic prosavage s3	37
ddr memory	323	ddr 400	36
ddr ram	234	ddr dance pad	35
ddr sdram	142	ddr music	33
ddr max	131	cheat ddr max	29
ddr mp3	112	400 ddr memory	28
dual channel ddr	87	pc2100 ddr sdram	28
ddr pad	72	ddr prosavage s3	28
ddr 266	72	ddr game	28
ddr lyrics	69	ddr dwi file	27
ddr video	65	ddr pc2700	26
ddr metal pad	62	ddr pc	26
ddr song	61	512 ddr	25
ddr pc2100	53	dual ddr	25
ddr extreme	51	ddr dimm	24
ddr online	49	pc2700 ddr memory	24
ddr dwi	46	ddr ringtone	23
ddr freak	43	ddr sdram memory	22
ddr downloads	41	512mb pc2100 ddr	22
ddr max 2	38	pc3200 ddr memory	22
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Derivations: DDR

Derivations
	Words containing "DDR": address, addressabilities, addressability, addressable, addressed, addressee, addressees, addresser, addressers, addresses, addressing, addrest, headdress, headdresses, misaddress, misaddressed, misaddresses, misaddressing, readdress, readdressed, readdresses, readdressing, unaddressed. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Anagrams: DDR

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words containing the letters "d-d-r"
	+1 letter: redd, rudd.
	+2 letters: adder, dared, dread, dreed, dried, droid, druid, dryad, dured, odder, readd, redds, reded, redid, rudds, ruddy, udder.
	+3 letters: adders, adored, badder, barded, bedder, bedrid, bidder, birded, budder, carded, codder, corded, cruddy, curded, dander, darked, darned, darted, deader, deodar, deride, dirdum, dirked, dirled, dirndl, dodder, dodger, dorado, dorsad, dotard, draped, drayed, dreads, dredge, dreidl, droids, droned, droved, drownd, drudge, druids, dryads, durned, eroded, farded, fodder, forded, fordid, gadder, girded, graded, grided, herded, horded, hydrid, judder, kidder, ladder, larded, lorded, madder, mudder, nodder, odored, padder, prided, radded, raddle, raided, readds, redbud, redded, redden, redder, reddle, redyed, reeded, rended, ridded, ridden, ridder, riddle, ridged, rinded, rodded, rudder, ruddle, sadder, siddur, sordid, tedder, traded, udders, wadder, warded, wedder, widder, worded, yarded.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.